RESEARCH PAPER
Electrical safety in low-voltage DC microgrids with B-type residual current devices
| 1 | Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland |
| 2 | Energa-Operator SA, ul. Marynarki Polskiej 130, 80-557 Gdańsk, Poland |
| 3 | University of Žilina, Faculty of Management Science and Informatics, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia |
Publication date: 2022-06-30
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność – Maintenance and Reliability 2022;24(2):346–358
HIGHLIGHTS
- Analyzing possible use of protective residual current devices in modern power systems.
- Determining the protective ability of RCDs for protection in DC microgrids.
- Indicating weak points of these protections applied in DC power systems.
- Electrical safety enhancement by redundant RCDs.
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Residual current devices (RCDs) are most popular devices used in low-voltage installations for protection against electric shock and fire. In cases of high risk of electric shock the application of RCDs is mandatory. Currently, the spread of local direct current (DC) microgrids is widely considered. This creates new challenges for protective systems, in particular those based on RCDs. The main purpose of the research is to test the operation of B-type RCDs by simulating the conditions that may occur in DC microgrids as well as assessment of the effectiveness of electrical safety with the use of such RCDs. The research has revealed that theoretically identical RCDs in terms of technical data can have different tripping properties, including no reaction to residual direct current, which poses a risk of electric shock. This signalizes the necessity of extension of the normative tests performed by manufacturers. The scope of these additional RCDs tests is indicated, from the point of view of the persons’ safety in DC microgrids.
REFERENCES (47)
1.
Abdullahi S, Jin T. Finite control set model predictive DC-grid voltage estimation control in DC-microgrids. IEEE Fourth International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Arlington, USA, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM5....
2.
Alshareef M, Lin Z, Li F, Wang F. A grid interface current control strategy for DC microgrids. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems 2021; 5(3): 249-256, https://doi.org/10.30941/CESTE....
3.
B and B+ type residual current circuit breaker EFI-4, Technical data, ETI, 2017. On-line access: https://www.etigroup.eu//image... (accessed on 22.20.2022).
4.
Bignucolo F, Coppo M, Caldon R. Interconnecting neighbors’ buildings: advantages of energy districts realized through private DC lines. IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC/I&CPS Europe), Palermo, Italy, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/EEEIC.....
5.
Blokus A, Kołowrocki K. Influence of component dependency on system reliability. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 2020; 1173, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
6.
Čepin M. Reliability of smart grids. The International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT), Zilina, Slovakia, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/DT.201....
7.
Chen S, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Li T. Research on voltage stability and optimal operation of DC microgrid. 8th Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2019), Shanghai, China, 2019: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.201....
8.
Czapp S, Horiszny J. Simulation of residual current devices operation under high frequency residual current. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 2012; 88(2): 242-247.
9.
Czapp S. Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing. Academic Press: 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2020-....
10.
Czapp S, Tariq H. Behavior of residual current devices at frequencies up to 50 kHz. Energies 2021; 14(6): 1785, https://doi.org/10.3390/en1406....
11.
Czapp S. Testing sensitivity of A-type residual current devices to earth fault currents with harmonics. Sensors 2020; 20(7): 2044, https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072....
12.
Debouza M, Al-Durra A, EL-Fouly T H M, Zeineldin H H. Establishing realistic testbeds for DC microgrids studies validation: needs and challenges. IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Detroit, USA, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS449....
13.
Sutaria J, Rönnberg S, Nakhodchi N, Bollen M. Impact of supraharmonics and quasi-dc on the operation of residual current devices. The 26th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution CIRED 2021, Geneva, Switzerland, 2021: 668–672, https://doi.org/10.1049/icp.20....
14.
Ghadimi N, Nojavan S, Abedinia O, Dehkordi A B. Chapter 2: Deterministic-based energy management of DC microgrids – In Book: Risk-based Energy Management – DC, AC and Hybrid AC-DC Microgrids. Academic Press: 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0....
15.
Hakuto Y, Tsuji T, Qi J. Autonomous decentralized stabilizing control of DC microgrid. IEEE Second International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Nuremburg, Germany, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.....
16.
HD 60364-4-41:2017 Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety – Protection against electric shock.
17.
HD 60364-7-705:2007 Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 7-705: Requirements for special installations or locations – Agricultural and horticultural premises.
18.
Hu K-W, Liaw Ch-M. Incorporated operation control of DC microgrid and electric vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2016; 63(1): 202-215, https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.20....
19.
IEC 60364-7-722:2018 Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 7-722: Requirements for special installations or locations – Supplies for electric vehicles.
20.
IEC 61008-1:2010 Residual current operated circuit-breakers without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses (RCCBs) – Part 1: General rules.
21.
IEC 61140:2016 Protection against electric shock – Common aspects for installation and equipment.
22.
IEC 62423:2009 Type F and type B residual current operated circuit-breakers with and without integral overcurrent protection for household and similar uses.
23.
ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014 Safety aspects – Guidelines for their inclusion in standards.
24.
Leal W C. A control system for battery current sharing in DC microgrids with DC bus voltage restoration. Brazilian Power Electronics Conference (COBEP), Juiz de Fora, Brazil, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/COBEP.....
25.
Makhe A, Bugade V, Matkar S, Mothe P. Digital protection of LVDC and integration of distributed generation. International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability (ICEETS), Nagercoil, India, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEETS....
26.
Małkowski R, Jaskólski M, Pawlicki W. Operation of the hybrid photovoltaic-battery system on the electricity market – simulation, real-time tests and cost analysis. Energies 2020; 13(6): 1402, https://doi.org/10.3390/en1306....
27.
Marah B, Bhavanam Y R, Taylor G A, Darwish M K, Ekwue A O. A practical application of low voltage DC distribution network within buildings. 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Heraklion, Greece, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/ UPEC.2017.8231949.
28.
Musial E, Czapp S. Residual current devices – reliability. INPE: Informacje o Normach i Przepisach Elektrycznych 2008; (110-111): 3-40 (in Polish).
29.
Palaniappan K, Veerapeneni S, Cuzner R, Zhao Y. Assessment of the feasibility of interconnected smart DC homes in a DC microgrid to reduce utility costs of low income households. IEEE Second International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Nuremburg, Germany, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.....
30.
Park K-W, Kim J-B, Lee D-Z. Applying the DC distribution system constructed commercial buildings. International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), Nagasaki, Japan, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRERA....
31.
Parol M. Microgrids – future structures of distribution grids. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 2016; 82(8): 1-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.....
32.
Paska J, Biczel P, Kłos M. Hybrid power systems – An effective way of utilising primary energy sources. Renewable Energy 2009; 34: 2414-2421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rene....
33.
Peng R. Reliability of interdependent networks with cascading failures. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability 2018; 20 (2): 273–277, http://dx.doi.org/10.17531/ein....
34.
Pielecha I, Szwajca F. Cooperation of a PEM fuel cell and a NiMH battery at various states of its charge in a FCHEV drive. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability 2021; 23 (3): 468–475, http://doi.org/10.17531/ein.20....
35.
RCDs, F200 B Type, Data sheet, ABB, 2021. On-line access: https://search.abb.com/library.... aspx?DocumentID=9AKK107992A1715&LanguageCode=en&DocumentPartId=&Action=Launch (accessed on 22.02.2022).
36.
Residual current circuit-breaker DFS 4 016-2/0,03-B SK, Data sheet, Doepke, 2022. On-line access: http https://www.doepke.de/uploads/... (accessed on 22.02.2022).
37.
Santos P, Fonte P, Luis R. Improvement of DC microgrid voltage regulation based on bidirectional intelligent charging systems. 15th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM), Lodz, Poland, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.20....
38.
Sedlacek P, Zaitseva E, Levashenko V, Kvassay M. Critical state of non-coherent multi-state system. Reliability Engineering and System Safety 2021; 215(6): 107824, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress....
39.
Slangen T M H, Lustenhouwer B R F, Ćuk V, Cobben J F G. The effects of high-frequency residual currents on the operation of residual current devices. 19th Int. Conf. on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’21), Almeria, Spain, 2021, https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalf....
40.
Wang X, Zheng Y, Lu Z. Simulation research on the operation characteristics of a DC microgrid. 2019 IEEE Third International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Matsue, Japan, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM4....
41.
Weiss R, Ott L, Boeke U. Energy efficient low-voltage DC-grids for commercial buildings. IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Atlanta, USA, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.....
42.
Wunder B, Ott L, Szpek M, Boeke U, Weiß R. Energy efficient DC-grids for commercial buildings. IEEE 36th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Vancouver, Canada, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC....
43.
Wydler U. Redundanz entscheidet über Sicherheit. Einsatz von elektronischen Sicherheitssystemen. Bulletin des Schweizerischen Elektrotechnischen Vereins 1996; (3): 20-22 (in German), http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-9....
44.
Zhang F, Meng Ch, Yang Y, Sun Ch, Ji Ch, Chen Y, Wei W, Qiu H, Yang G. Advantages and challenges of DC microgrid for commercial building – A case study from Xiamen university DC microgrid. IEEE First International Conference on DC Microgrids (ICDCM), Atlanta, USA, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDCM.....
45.
Zhang W, Wang J. Research on V2G control of smart microgrid. International Conference on Computer Engineering and Intelligent Control (ICCEIC), Chongqing, China, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCEIC....
46.
Zhang X, Li H, Fu Y. Optimized virtual DC machine control for voltage inertia and damping support in DC microgrid. IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Phoenix, USA, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1109/APEC42....
47.
Zhaoxia X, Xudong S, Xian Z, Qingxin Y. Control of DC microgrid for electrical vehicles(EV s) wireless charging. China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED), Tianjin, China, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1109/CICED.....
CITATIONS (1):
1.
Behavior of Residual Current Devices at Earth Fault Currents with DC Component
Stanislaw Czapp, Hanan Tariq, Slawomir Cieslik
Sensors
Stanislaw Czapp, Hanan Tariq, Slawomir Cieslik
Sensors
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.