RESEARCH PAPER
A novel approach of fault diagnosis for gearbox based on VMD optimized by GSWOA and improved RCMSE
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, China
2
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), China
Submission date: 2025-05-19
Final revision date: 2025-06-16
Acceptance date: 2025-07-26
Online publication date: 2025-08-02
Publication date: 2025-08-02
Corresponding author
Fei Han
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, XinJiang Province, 830046, Urumqi, China
School of Mechanical Engineering, Xinjiang University, XinJiang Province, 830046, Urumqi, China
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność – Maintenance and Reliability 2026;28(1):208672
HIGHLIGHTS
- GSWOA is integrated to optimize VMD decomposition, significantly suppressing background noise and providing high-quality input for reliable feature extraction and fault diagnosis.
- An improved refined composite multiscale entropy (IRCMSE) method is proposed to accurately extract and distinguish diverse gear fault features, enhancing both diagnostic precision and stability.
- The proposed method demonstrates strong noise robustness and generalization across variable-speed and variable-load conditions, validated on both public and real-world datasets.
KEYWORDS
fault diagnosisvariational mode decompositionconvolutional neural networkimproved whale optimization algorithmimproved refined composite multiscale samplentropybidirectional long short-term memory network
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Wind turbine gearboxes operate under alternating loads and complex noise, resulting in vibration signals characterized by strong interference, nonlinearity, and non-stationarity—factors that complicate fault diagnosis. To address this, a novel method is proposed that combines a gravitational search-enhanced whale optimization algorithm (GSWOA) with variational mode decomposition (VMD) and improved refined composite multiscale sample entropy (IRCMSE). GSWOA adaptively tunes VMD parameters, enhancing decomposition and reducing mode mixing and edge effects. IRCMSE, derived via enhanced coarse-graining, boosts sensitivity to weak fault signatures across multiple time scales. Extracted features are processed by a CNN-BiLSTM model that merges spatial and temporal learning for accurate fault classification. Experimental validation on the WFD-1000 platform confirms superior performance in signal reconstruction, feature separation, and fault identification, supporting the method’s suitability for intelligent diagnostics under complex conditions.
REFERENCES (25)
1.
Reliability of wind turbine subassemblies | IET Renewable Power Generation n.d. https://digital-library.theiet... (accessed May 19, 2025).
2.
Balat M. A Review of Modern Wind Turbine Technology. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 2009;31:1561–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/155670....
3.
Porté-Agel F, Bastankhah M, Shamsoddin S. Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 2020;174:1–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546....
4.
Bošnjaković M, Katinić M, Santa R, Marić D. Wind Turbine Technology Trends. Applied Sciences 2022;12:8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app121....
5.
The empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert spectrum for nonlinear and non-stationary time series analysis | Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences n.d. https://royalsocietypublishing... (accessed May 19, 2025).
6.
A novel deep learning framework: Prediction and analysis of financial time series using CEEMD and LSTM. Expert Systems with Applications 2020;159:113609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa....
7.
Short-term load forecasting based on CEEMDAN and dendritic deep learning - ScienceDirect n.d. https://www.sciencedirect.com/... (accessed May 19, 2025).
8.
Evaluation of wind farm efficiency and wind turbine wakes at the Nysted offshore wind farm - Barthelmie - 2010 - Wind Energy - Wiley Online Library n.d. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co... (accessed May 19, 2025).
9.
A fault information-guided variational mode decomposition (FIVMD) method for rolling element bearings diagnosis. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 2022;164:108216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymss....
10.
Norton B, Papaefthymiou A, Chang K, McGill S, Spangler T, Sharma V, et al. P171 Evaluation of the safety and utility of radiofrequency vapor ablation (RFVA) for duodenal mucosal ablation in a porcine model. Gut 2024;73:A154–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl....
11.
An Overview of Variants and Advancements of PSO Algorithm n.d. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417... (accessed May 19, 2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/app121....
12.
Hatta NM, Zain AM, Sallehuddin R, Shayfull Z, Yusoff Y. Recent studies on optimisation method of Grey Wolf Optimiser (GWO): a review (2014–2017). Artif Intell Rev 2019;52:2651–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462....
13.
Modelling of SMA materials: Training and two way memory effects. Computers & Structures 2003;81:2301–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-....
14.
Effect of hydroxy (HHO) gas addition on performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2010;35:11366–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhy....
15.
Nasiri J, and Khiyabani FM. A whale optimization algorithm (WOA) approach for clustering. Cogent Mathematics & Statistics 2018;5:1483565. https://doi.org/10.1080/257425....
16.
Approximate entropy as a measure of system complexity. | PNAS n.d. https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/1... (accessed May 19, 2025).
17.
High-entropy energy materials: challenges and new opportunities - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing) DOI:10.1039/D1EE00505G n.d. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/conten... (accessed May 19, 2025).
18.
Wang H, Yan H, Rong C, Yuan Y, Jiang F, Han Z, et al. Multi-scale Simulation of Complex Systems: A Perspective of Integrating Knowledge and Data. ACM Comput Surv 2024;56:307:1-307:38. https://doi.org/10.1145/365466....
19.
Rolling bearing fault diagnosis using generalized refined composite multiscale sample entropy and optimized support vector machine. Measurement 2020;156:107574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meas....
20.
Lu W, Li J, Wang J, Qin L. A CNN-BiLSTM-AM method for stock price prediction. Neural Comput & Applic 2021;33:4741–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521....
21.
LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning. Nature 2015;521:436–44. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature....
22.
Fast and memory efficient implementation of the exact PNN | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore n.d. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ab... (accessed May 19, 2025).
23.
Effects of Learning Parameters on Learning Procedure and Performance of a BPNN. Neural Networks 1997;10:1505–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-....
24.
Dragomiretskiy K, Zosso D. Variational Mode Decomposition. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 2014;62:531–44. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.20....
25.
Adaptive wavelet thresholding for image denoising and compression | IEEE Journals & Magazine | IEEE Xplore n.d. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/do... (accessed May 19, 2025).
CITATIONS (1):
1.
A Synergistic Fault Diagnosis Method for Rolling Bearings: Variational Mode Decomposition Coupled with Deep Learning
Shuzhen Wang, Xintian Su, Jinghan Li, Fei Li, Mingwei Li, Yafei Ren, Guoqiang Wang, Nianfeng Shi, Huafei Qian
Electronics
Shuzhen Wang, Xintian Su, Jinghan Li, Fei Li, Mingwei Li, Yafei Ren, Guoqiang Wang, Nianfeng Shi, Huafei Qian
Electronics
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2956-3860 |
| ISSN: | 1507-2711 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
