RESEARCH PAPER
Charging Phase Health Indicators for Battery State-of-Health Estimation: A Systematic Comparison of CC, CV, and Combined Approaches under Cross-Battery Validation
1
R&D Department, PowerMore Ltd., Viet Nam
2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, Viet Nam
Submission date: 2026-01-22
Final revision date: 2026-03-06
Acceptance date: 2026-03-31
Online publication date: 2026-04-25
Corresponding author
Kim-Anh Nguyen
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, 550000, Danang, Viet Nam
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, The University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang, 550000, Danang, Viet Nam
KEYWORDS
machine learninglithium-ion batterybattery state-of-healthcharging phase indicatorscross-battery validation
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Accurate State-of-Health estimation is essential for safe battery operation and cost-effective maintenance. Although numerous health indicators have been derived from constant-current (CC) and constant-voltage (CV) charging phases, their effectiveness under realistic cross-battery validation remains insufficiently studied. This work addresses this gap through a systematic comparison of CC-only, CV-only, and combined indicator sets using rigorous Leave-One-Battery-Out (LOBO) validation on the NASA battery aging dataset. Four CV-phase indicators and CC phase duration are evaluated individually and in combination. Results show that the combined CC+CV approach achieves the best performance (R2 = 0.874), confirming that CC and CV phases capture complementary degradation information. Moreover, a 119% performance gap is observed between standard 5-fold cross-validation and LOBO validation, indicating that conventional evaluation overestimates practical accuracy. Based on these findings, practical guidelines are provided for indicator selection under data and computational constraints.
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| eISSN: | 2956-3860 |
| ISSN: | 1507-2711 |
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