RESEARCH PAPER
Study of energy consumption of a hybrid vehicle in real-world conditions
1
Opole University of Technology, ul. Prószkowska 76, 45-758 Opole, Poland
2
University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Słoneczna 46A, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland
Publication date: 2021-12-31
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność – Maintenance and Reliability 2021;23(4):636-645
HIGHLIGHTS
- The energy consumption of the vehicle is strongly dependent on the ambient temperature.
- The IC engine significantly increases the total energy expenditure of test cycles.
- CO2 emissions from the PHEV’s average fuel consumption are below the allowable limit.
- The use of a electric motor in vehicles significantly reduces the vehicle operation costs.
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
The paper presents an analysis of energy consumption in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) used in actual road conditions. Therefore, the paper features a comparison of the consumption of energy obtained from fuel and from energy taken from the vehicle’s batteries for each travel with a total distance of 5000 km. The instantaneous energy consumption per travelling kilometre in actual operating conditions for a combustion engine mode are within the range of 233 to 1170 Wh/km and for an electric motor mode are within the range of 135 to 420 Wh/km. The average values amount to 894 Wh/km for the combustion engine and 208 Wh/km for the electric motor. The experimental data was used to develop curves for the total energy consumption per 100km of road section travelled divided into particular engine types (combustion/electric), demonstrating a close correlation to actual operating conditions. These values were referred to the tested passenger vehicle’s approval data in a WLTP test, with the average values of 303 Wh/km and CO2 emission of 23 g/km.
REFERENCES (48)
1.
Barth M, Boriboonsomsin K. Real-world carbon dioxide impacts of traffic congestion. Transportation Research Record 2008; (2058): 163-171.
2.
Barth M, Boriboonsomsin K. Energy and emissions impacts of a freeway-based dynamic eco-driving system. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2009; 14(6): 400-410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.....
3.
Becker T, Sidhu I, Tenderich B. Electric vehicles in the United States: a new model with forecasts to 2030. Center for Entrepreneurship and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, 2009: 36.
4.
Bieniek A, Graba M, Hennek K, Mamala J. Analysis of fuel consumption of a spark ignition engine in the conditions of a variable load. MATEC Web of Conferences, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecc....
5.
Bleek R. Design of a Hybrid Adaptive Cruise Control Stop- & -Go system. Engineering 2007.
6.
Bokare PS, Maurya AK. Acceleration-Deceleration Behaviour of Various Vehicle Types. Transportation Research Procedia 2017; 25: 4733-4749, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpr....
7.
Chłopek Z. Research on energy consumption by an electrically driven automotive vehicle in simulated urban conditions. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc 2013; 15(1): 75-82.
8.
Eder LV, Nemov VY. Forecast of energy consumption of vehicles. Studies on Russian Economic Development 2017; 28(4): 423-430, https://doi.org/10.1134/S10757....
9.
Ehsani M, Gao Y, Emadi A. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. CRC Press: 2017, https://doi.org/10.1201/978142....
10.
Eisele WL, Turner SM, Benz RJ. Using Acceleration Characteristics in Air Quality and Energy Consumption Analyses Texas Transportation Institute The Texas A & M University System College Station , Texas 77843-3135 Southwest Region University Transportation Center Texas Transportation In. 1996.
12.
Fontaras G, Franco V, Dilara P et al. Development and review of Euro 5 passenger car emission factors based on experimental results over various driving cycles. Science of the Total Environment 2014; 468-469: 1034-1042.
13.
Fontaras G, Zacharof N G, Ciuffo B. Fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from passenger cars in Europe - Laboratory versus real-world emissions. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2017; 60: 97-131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs....
14.
Graba M, Mamala J, Bieniek A, Sroka Z. Impact of the acceleration intensity of a passenger car in a road test on energy consumption. Energy 2021; 226: 120429, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ener....
15.
He H, Cao J, Cui X. Energy optimization of electric vehicle's acceleration process based on reinforcement learning. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020; 248(ICEEE): 1-5.
16.
Hong H, Che Mohamad NAR, Chae K et al. The lithium metal anode in Li-S batteries: challenges and recent progress. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2021; 9(16): 10012-10038, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA01....
17.
International Energy Agency. Energy Technology Perspectives 2017 - Executive Summary. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1787/energy....
18.
Kitayama S, Saikyo M, Nishio Y, Tsutsumi K. Torque control strategy and optimization for fuel consumption and emission reduction in parallel hybrid electric vehicles. Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization 2015; 52(3): 595-611, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158....
19.
Kropiwnicki J. A unified approach to the analysis of electric energy and fuel consumption of cars in city traffic. Energy 2019; 182: 1045-1057, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ener....
20.
Kropiwnicki J. Ocena efektywności energetycznej pojazdów samochodowych z silnikami spalinowymi. Wydawnictwo PG, Gdańsk 2011.
21.
Kropiwnicki J, Furmanek M. Analysis of the regenerative braking process for the urban traffic conditions. Combustion Engines 2019; 178(3): 203-207, https://doi.org/10.19206/CE-20....
22.
Kum D, Peng H, Bucknor NK. Fuel and Emissions Reduction. Journal of Dyanmic Systems Measurement and Control 2010; 2010(April): 1-18.
23.
Kural E, Hacıbekir T, Güvenç B A. State of the art of adaptive cruise control and stop and go systems. arXiv 2020.
24.
Lee J, Nelson D J, Lohse-Busch H. Vehicle inertia impact on fuel consumption of conventional and hybrid electric vehicles using acceleration and coast driving strategy. SAE Technical Papers 2009, https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-0....
25.
Li Q, Chen W, Li Y et al. Energy management strategy for fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor hybrid vehicle based on fuzzy logic. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 2012; 43(1): 514-525, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijep....
26.
Limblici C. Investigation of engine concepts with regard to their potential to meet the Euro 7 emission standard using 1D-CFD software. 2020.
27.
Liu T, Tang X, Wang H et al. Adaptive Hierarchical Energy Management Design for a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 2019; 68(12): 11513-11522, https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.20....
28.
Mamala J, Graba M, Praznowski K, Hennek K. Control of the effective pressure in the cylinder of a Spark-Ignition engine by electromagnetic valve actuator. SAE Technical Papers 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-0....
29.
Mamala J, Śmieja M, Prażnowski K. Analysis of the total unit energy consumption of a car with a hybrid drive system in real operating conditions. Energies 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/en1413....
32.
Merkisz J, Pielecha J, Radzimirski S. New Trends in Emission Control in the European Union. Cham, Springer International Publishing: 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-....
33.
Merkisz J, Rymaniak Ł. The assessment of vehicle exhaust emissions referred to CO2 based on the investigations of city buses under actual conditions of operation. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 2017; 19(4): 522-529, https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2....
34.
Pielecha I, Cieślik W, Szałek A. Operation of electric hybrid drive systems in varied driving conditions. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 2018; 20(1): 16-23, https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2....
35.
Pielecha I, Pielecha J. Simulation analysis of electric vehicles energy consumption in driving tests. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc - Maintenance and Reliability 2020; 22(1): 130-137, https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2....
36.
Pitanuwat S, Sripakagorn A. An Investigation of Fuel Economy Potential of Hybrid Vehicles under Real-World Driving Conditions in Bangkok. Elsevier B.V.: 2015, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyp....
38.
Qiu S, Qiu L, Qian L, Pisu P. Hierarchical energy management control strategies for connected hybrid electric vehicles considering efficiencies feedback. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 2019; 90: 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simp....
39.
Raport. Electric Vehicle Market - Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2020-2027. Allied Market Research 2020: 256.
40.
Rill G. Road Vehicle Dynamics: Fundamentals and Modeling - 1st Edition. CRC Press: 2011.
41.
Schudeleit M, Küçükay F. Emission-robust operation of diesel HEV considering transient emissions. International Journal of Automotive Technology 2016; 17(3): 523-533, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239....
42.
Siłka W. Energy consumption of car movement. Energochłonność ruchu samochodu. WNT: 1997.
43.
Spalding S. RACQ Congested Roads Report : The Effects on Fuel Consumption and Vehicle Emissions Prepared by RACQ Vehicle Technologies Department. RACQ 2008; (07): 1-9.
44.
Stanton NA, Dunoyer A, Leatherland A. Detection of new in-path targets by drivers using Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control. Applied Ergonomics 2011; 42(4): 592-601, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aper....
45.
Thomas J. Drive Cycle Powertrain Efficiencies and Trends Derived from EPA Vehicle Dynamometer Results. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 2014; 7(4): 1374-1384, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-0....
46.
Thomas J, Huff S, West B, Chambon P. Fuel Consumption Sensitivity of Conventional and Hybrid Electric Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles to Driving Style. SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 2017, https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-0....
47.
Xiong R, Duan Y, Cao J, Yu Q. Battery and ultracapacitor in-the-loop approach to validate a real-time power management method for an all-climate electric vehicle. Applied Energy 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apen....
48.
Yeo H, Hwang S, Kim H. Regenerative braking algorithm for a hybrid electric vehicle with CVT ratio control. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 2006; 220(11): 1589-1600, https://doi.org/10.1243/095440....
CITATIONS (11):
1.
Analysis of the Structure of Driver Maneuvers in Different Road Conditions
Rafał Jurecki, Tomasz Stańczyk, Mateusz Ziubiński
Energies
Rafał Jurecki, Tomasz Stańczyk, Mateusz Ziubiński
Energies
2.
The Concept of Using an Expert System and Multi-Valued Logic Trees to Assess the Energy Consumption of an Electric Car in Selected Driving Cycles
Adam Deptuła, Andrzej Augustynowicz, Michał Stosiak, Krzysztof Towarnicki, Mykola Karpenko
Energies
Adam Deptuła, Andrzej Augustynowicz, Michał Stosiak, Krzysztof Towarnicki, Mykola Karpenko
Energies
3.
Estimation of the Regenerative Braking Process Efficiency in Electric Vehicles
Jacek Kropiwnicki, Tomasz Gawłas
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
Jacek Kropiwnicki, Tomasz Gawłas
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
4.
Assessment of Energy Demand for PHEVs in Year-Round Operating Conditions
Mariusz Graba, Jarosław Mamala, Andrzej Bieniek, Andrzej Augustynowicz, Krystian Czernek, Andżelika Krupińska, Sylwia Włodarczak, Marek Ochowiak
Energies
Mariusz Graba, Jarosław Mamala, Andrzej Bieniek, Andrzej Augustynowicz, Krystian Czernek, Andżelika Krupińska, Sylwia Włodarczak, Marek Ochowiak
Energies
5.
Assessment of the Effect of Road Load on Energy Consumption and Exhaust Emissions of a Hybrid Vehicle in an Urban Road Driving Cycle—Comparison of Road and Chassis Dynamometer Tests
Artur Jaworski, Hubert Kuszewski, Krzysztof Lew, Paweł Wojewoda, Krzysztof Balawender, Paweł Woś, Rafał Longwic, Sergii Boichenko
Energies
Artur Jaworski, Hubert Kuszewski, Krzysztof Lew, Paweł Wojewoda, Krzysztof Balawender, Paweł Woś, Rafał Longwic, Sergii Boichenko
Energies
6.
Analysis of the Energy Consumption of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Néstor Rivera, Karina Bermeo, Joel Juca, Jonnathan Ortuño
2023 IEEE Seventh Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ECTM)
Néstor Rivera, Karina Bermeo, Joel Juca, Jonnathan Ortuño
2023 IEEE Seventh Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ECTM)
7.
Improved Power Management Under Uncertain Driving Conditions for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles via Intelligent Controller
Sameh Abd-Elhaleem, Walaa Shoeib, Abdel Sobaih
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Sameh Abd-Elhaleem, Walaa Shoeib, Abdel Sobaih
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
8.
Assessment of Short-Term Supply Disruption Impacts for the Swiss Mobility, Energy and ICT Sectors – Application of the SPOTTER Approach
Marcus Berr, Roland Hischier, Patrick Wäger
Journal of Cleaner Production
Marcus Berr, Roland Hischier, Patrick Wäger
Journal of Cleaner Production
9.
Recent Advances for the Development of Sustainable Transport and Their Importance in Case of Global Crises: A Literature Review
Sebastian Sobczuk, Anna Borucka
Applied Sciences
Sebastian Sobczuk, Anna Borucka
Applied Sciences
10.
The Emerging Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Reducing GHG Emissions in Transport Systems
Tymoteusz Miller, Irmina Durlik, Ewelina Kostecka, Adrianna Łobodzińska, Marcin Matuszak
Energies
Tymoteusz Miller, Irmina Durlik, Ewelina Kostecka, Adrianna Łobodzińska, Marcin Matuszak
Energies
11.
Creating Value Through Strategic Management: Sustainable Mobility for Family-Owned Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises with Electric Vehicles in the Digital Era
Sónia Gouveia, Daniel H. de la Iglesia, José Luís Abrantes, Alfonso J. López Rivero, Elisabete Silva, Eduardo Gouveia, Vasco Santos
Sustainability
Sónia Gouveia, Daniel H. de la Iglesia, José Luís Abrantes, Alfonso J. López Rivero, Elisabete Silva, Eduardo Gouveia, Vasco Santos
Sustainability
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2956-3860 |
| ISSN: | 1507-2711 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
