RESEARCH PAPER
Adaptation of the whale optimization algorithm to multi-objective and constrained optimization of the brushless DC motor
1
Institiute of Electrical Engineering and Electronic, Poznan University of Technology, Poland
2
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Lendi Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
Submission date: 2026-01-12
Final revision date: 2026-03-05
Acceptance date: 2026-04-09
Online publication date: 2026-04-25
Corresponding author
Łukasz Knypinski
Institiute of Electrical Engineering and Electronic, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
Institiute of Electrical Engineering and Electronic, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, 60-965, Poznan, Poland
KEYWORDS
multi-objective optimizationconstrained optimizationbrushless DC motorpenalty functionwhale optimization algorithmalgorithm adaptation
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the algorithm and computer script for the multi-objective and constrained optimization of the brushless DC motors for the propulsion of the electric vehicles. The optimization procedure was developed on the basis of the whale optimization algorithm and tested using the selected benchmark function. The universal analytical model of the brushless DC motor (BLDC) was developed. The designed motor is described by four design variables. The methodology of the two-stage adaptation of the whale optimization algorithm to multi-objective and constrained optimization of the electromagnetic devices are proposed. The developed adaptation improved the efficiency and reliability of the optimization procedure. The multi-objective compromise function contains two functional parameters of the designed motor: efficiency and total materials mass. In the case of the constrained optimization problem, the total mass of the designed motor was minimized and efficiency was maximized, whereas winding temperature was taken into account as a constraints.
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