Traditional domain adaptation (DA) methods often encounter challenges with cross-domain feature extraction and the precise assessment of domain differences. To overcome these limitations, we introduce the Enhanced Sparse Filtering-Based Domain Adaptation (ESFBDA) method. This method distinguishes itself by enhancing sparse filtering (SF) with the integration of row-column normalization and a cosine penalty, specifically designed to minimize feature loss—a critical issue in existing DA techniques. Additionally, we employ Bootstrap resampling to refine domain distribution alignment, a novel step that boosts feature similarity and effectiveness in DA. This integrated approach ensures more accurate feature extraction, which is crucial for the classifier's fault detection capability. In our study, through two distinct experiments on WT-planetary gearbox fault diagnosis and bearing fault diagnosis, the ESFBDA method demonstrated remarkable accuracy, significantly surpassing traditional approaches and showcasing its robust applicability across varied diagnostic scenarios.